Elizabeth Fee: uma historiadora em busca de audi\u00eancias mais amplas<\/a>. Hist. cienc. saude-Manguinhos, Set 2006, vol.13, no.3, p.759-776<\/p>\nBelow a note of professor Anne Emanuelle Birn a member of our editorial board.<\/p>\n
\u2013Anne-Emanuelle Birn, University of Toronto<\/p>\n
We are deeply saddened to announce the passing of Dr. Elizabeth Fee on October 17, 2018. Dr. Fee was a remarkable and influential public health historian, whose personal and professional trajectories led her to speak truth to and about power in public health, past and present.<\/p>\n
\u00a0Born in Northern Ireland in 1946, during the time of the \u201cTroubles,\u201d to Irish-Methodist missionary parents, Liz\u2019s childhood brought her into contact with peoples and struggles across the globe. At just 5 weeks of age, she was whisked away by her parents to civil war-era China, where she lost hearing in one ear from an untreated bout with scarlet fever. This turned her into an astute reader of people\u2019s behaviors, and later made her a skilled meeting chair\u00a0(who appeared to be fully integrating every last comment while she deftly crafted consensus around an invariably progressive agenda). In mid-childhood, she attended school in Malaysia, after which her family returned to Belfast. There, she came of age amidst festering political and religious violence, learning firsthand that history is told and retold by protagonists and witnesses, oppressors and oppressed.<\/p>\n
Dr. Fee achieved First Class Honours at Cambridge University in biochemistry and history and philosophy of science, proceeding to earn 2 Master\u2019s degrees and then a doctorate in history of science (1978) from Princeton University, with a dissertation focusing on \u201cScience and the `Woman Question,’ 1860-1920″ as analyzed through Victorian-era periodicals.<\/p>\n
From 1974 to 1995 she was a professor at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health (now Bloomberg School), first in health humanities, then international health, and finally health policy, infusing historical and critical perspectives into each of these fields. Deeply curious about her institutional base, in 1987 she published\u00a0Disease and Discovery: A History of the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, 1916-1939.<\/em>\u00a0In this first-ever biography of the first-ever school of public health, Dr. Fee crafted what might have been a staid institutional history into an engaging and eyebrow-raising account that retraces the powerful forces, figures, and ideologies that shaped the school\u2019s founding and early trajectory.\u00a0 She revisited this theme in later works, illuminating the politics of health training in distinct milieus and demonstrating how power was marshalled (and who marshalled it) in the presumed neutral and technocratic domain of public health education.<\/p>\nHer early interests in feminism, women, and science burgeoned into several notable works on women, gender, and health, including“<\/em>Women and Health Care: A Comparison of Theories”\u00a0International Journal of Health Services<\/em>\u00a0(1975), and the co-edited volume (with Nancy Krieger),\u00a0Women’s Health, Politics, and Power: Essays on Sex\\Gender, Medicine, and Public Health<\/em>\u00a0(1994).<\/p>\nEver attuned to her surroundings and the historical moment, Liz co-edited (with Daniel Fox) two pathbreaking volumes on AIDS, as it was becoming a global modern plague:\u00a0\u00a0AIDS: The Burden of History<\/em>\u00a0(1988) and\u00a0AIDS: The Making of a Chronic Disease<\/em>\u00a0(1992). These critically insightful books became instant classics, bringing past reflections and emerging insights to bear on ongoing questions and dilemmas for a public desperate to make sense of what was going on. In applying her keen analysis of the politics of sexuality to pressing public health issues during the early years of the AIDS epidemic, Liz\u2019s writings about the disease and its effects among gay men, straight women, and lesbians helped inform a now growing scholarship on LGBTQ+ health and well-being.<\/p>\nIn 1990 Dr. Fee took over editorship of a rather moribund historical section of the\u00a0American Journal of Public Health (AJPH)<\/em>, called \u201cPublic Health, Then and Now\u201d (which had earned the moniker of \u201cPublic Health, Now and Then\u201d due to its infrequent appearance!). Together with Ted Brown \u2013and under the supportive guidance of\u00a0AJPH<\/em>\u00a0editors-in-chief Mary Northridge (1998-2015) and now Alfredo Morabia (2015-present)\u2013both champions of critical public health history, she transformed this section into one of the most dynamic aspects of the journal, making it a go-to venue for cutting-edge history of public health scholarship.<\/p>\nThe pair also created two new features of this section: \u201cVoices from the Past,\u201d which reprints original sources of public health thinkers, researchers, leaders, and activists, and \u201cImages of Health,\u201d capturing visual dimensions of these actors.\u00a0 Exemplary among the decades-long and inordinately productive Rodgers and Hammerstein-style collaboration between Liz and Ted, and between Liz and other co-authors, were tributes to African-American polymath social scientist, anti-racism\/anti-discrimination activist\/leader, and avowed leftist W.E.B. DuBois; anarchist-revolutionary, free love advocate, and nurse-midwife Emma Goldman; the first US <out> gay health officer, civil rights activist, leftist agitator, and amateur archivist Walter Lear; and socialist politician, health minister, Latin American social medicine leader, and Chilean President, Salvador Allende.<\/p>\n
Somehow Liz also found time to work on many other topics, ranging from the history of social class as a \u201cMissing Link in U.S. Health Data\u201d (co-authored with Krieger), to New York City\u2019s garbage, to interviewing the Cuban Health Minister on sex education, to local history, co-editing\u00a0The Baltimore Book: New Views of Local History<\/em>\u00a0(1991).<\/p>\nThese varied interests made their way into her popular and perennially award-winning courses on women and health, and history of public health, and into extracurricular highlights such as a municipal activism bus tour called “Baltimore by Bus: Steering a New Course through the City’s History.\u201d<\/p>\n
After influencing countless students and many colleagues over two decades at Johns Hopkins (where I was privileged to be her advisee), in 1995 Dr. Fee was named Chief of the History of Medicine Division (HMD), National Library of Medicine (NLM), at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD, USA. In 2011, she became the Chief Historian of the NLM, a position she held until her retirement just a few months ago. At NLM, Dr. Fee added leadership and administrative skills, as well as a talent for engaging with broader publics, to her teaching and writing finesse.<\/p>\n
Liz\u2019s political goal of raising historical consciousness as a conduit for societal change, her love of shows, and sharp eye for the visual \u2013the latter undoubtedly schooled by her artist mother who pushed her to precision when naming particular shades of colors\u2013 made her role as public convener of exhibits and plays all the more apt.<\/p>\n
Indeed, she oversaw the resurrection and dramatic expansion of NLM\u2019s public exhibits with a dynamic team of curators, covering such topics as women leaders in medicine, \u201cEmotions and Disease,\u201d \u201cDream Anatomy,\u201d \u201cThe Once and Future Web: Worlds Woven by the Telegraph and Internet,\u201d and Frankenstein.<\/p>\n
To ensure an ample budget for HMD, Dr. Fee testified on Capitol Hill, navigating treacherous political waters with her enormous mastery of language and spellbinding Irish-English-North American lilt. When higher-ups questioned the inclusion of \u201crevolutionary Ernesto \u2018Che\u2019 Guevara\u201d in an exhibit that highlighted famous people with asthma, Dr. Fee winkingly accepted the directive that Che be characterized instead as a \u201cfreedom fighter,\u201d a term that, ironically, made Guevara acceptable to mainstream North American audiences rather than the reverse.<\/p>\n
In the early 1990s, having long been active in various history of medicine and health professional associations, Dr. Fee helped co-found two crucial organizations that brought recognition and legitimacy to left-wing activism and scholarship in public health history. The Sigerist Circle was founded in 1990 by a\u00a0group of medical and public health historians and activists to give special attention to issues of class, race, and gender, and to the use of Marxist, feminist, postcolonial, and related critical methodologies in the analysis of medical history.\u00a0Named for the\u00a0pioneering history of medicine scholar-activist Henry Sigerist,\u00a0the group\u2019s activities include an annual scholarly session (adjacent to the meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine), participation in contemporary political affairs, and \u2013before listserves and search engines made them redundant\u2013 newsletters and a periodic bibliography of works otherwise difficult to locate.\u00a0Dr. Fee served as both\u00a0Vice-President and President of the Sigerist Circle in its nascent years, helping to animate events, and mentor\u00a0and provide mutual assistance and intellectual stimulation to young scholars and other colleagues.\u00a0Liz and Ted Brown also co-edited the monumental volume\u00a0Making Medical History: The Life and Times of Henry E. Sigerist<\/em>\u00a0(1997), bringing additional credibility to the Sigerist Circle\u2019s work.<\/p>\nIn 1994 Liz helped cofound the Spirit of 1848, which is a Caucus affiliated with the American Public Health Association (APHA) and is committed to underscoring and analyzing the integral connections between social justice and public health. Both its listserve and its sessions at the APHA annual meeting are aimed at addressing the professional, practical, and scholarly isolation many progressives experience \u2013 and at working collectively and in dialogue, to understand and change how social divisions based on social class, race\/ethnicity, gender, sexual identity, and age affect the public’s health. With the Spirit of 1848\u2019s history committee consciously linked to the Sigerist Circle, Liz helped infuse historical passions and sensibilities into the Spirit of 1848\u2019s various activities around the politics of public health.<\/p>\n
Those who are long-time 1848-ers will recall the Extravaganza held at APHA in 1998 (Washington, DC), titled \u201c150 Years of the Spirit of 1848: An Evening of Politics, Passion, and Public Health.\u201d This marathon 4-hour session included participation of multiple progressive APHA caucuses and sections and the beautiful voices of Rafiki na Dada, and culminated in the singing of the Internationale. Not only did Liz give a stirring talk on \u201cThe 1848 Movements for Socialism and Justice,\u201d she corralled the NLM\u2019s costume person into bringing along a half dozen 1848-era outfits\u2014dressing herself in the garb of the time, as well as costuming a fictional Karl Marx and Olympe de Gouges, among others.<\/p>\n
\u00a0Dr. Fee was the recipient of numerous honors, including Kellogg and Fulbright fellowships, the National Library of Medicine Regents Award, the Arthur Viseltear Award from APHA\u2019s Medical Care Section, as well as endowed lectures across the world. Her more than 200 articles and chapters cover topics as diverse as bioterrorism, sin vs. science in the racialized treatment of syphilis in Baltimore, and popularizing the toothbrush, ever posing the question of whether there is anything to learn from history and speaking to both specialists and a broad public of all ages.<\/p>\n
\u00a0Well aware of her critical writings, admirers of Dr. Fee\u2019s work at the Rockefeller Foundation and the World Health Organization (WHO) invited her in the early 2000s to co-chair the history working group of the Joint Learning Initiative, an effort\u00a0to analyze international public health initiatives during the 20th century and uncover new insights into their successes and failures. This led to her involvement in a series of articles and a forthcoming co-authored monograph (with Marcos Cueto and Ted Brown) examining the vagaries of global health and WHO\u2019s role therein.\u00a0 Once again, Liz was vital to ensuring that the genre of institutional history would be transformed into a page-turning narrative of contentious politics, personae, and programs spanning WHO\u2019s aspirational post-World War II beginnings, the tensions and turnarounds of the Cold War period, and the embattled contemporary era of private encroachment on WHO turf.<\/p>\n
In recent years, despite facing multiple health challenges, Liz continued to write prolifically, particularly short pieces with a wide audience in mind that shed light on often little-known revolutionary figures and movements.<\/p>\n
\u00a0This small snapshot could not possibly capture the scholarly, professional, and personal contributions that Liz made across her lifetime. Without a doubt, the work of Elizabeth Fee, the doyenne of public health historians, will endure and continue to inform the critical progressive work of the many communities of practitioners, activists, politicians, and scholars around the world whose lives Liz touched and whose work she inspired.<\/p>\n
\u00a0*Dr. Fee\u2019s beloved wife and sometime co-author, Mary Garofalo, has asked that donations in honor of Liz be made to the ALS Foundation and to progressive public health causes across the world.<\/p>\n
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